Sweden

Using Swedish registry data, this study finds significant intergenerational transmission of fertility problems, with daughters and sons of parents who experienced such difficulties being 19.4% and 13.5% more likely, respectively, to face fertility issues themselves, regardless of parental socioeconomic status. Comparisons between biological and adopted children suggest this transmission stems from biological or other inherited factors rather than family awareness, and while assisted reproductive technology success is unrelated to parental background, past fertility difficulties are linked to higher medical costs and increased divorce likelihood.

This study uses harmonized register data from Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland to examine trends in childbearing among female same-sex couples compared to different-sex couples following legal union, and how this varies by education and income. The findings show a sharp rise in childbearing among female same-sex couples, nearing parity with different-sex couples in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway by around 2010, while Finland showed a later and slower increase; higher education, but not income, was linked to greater likelihood of having a child. The authors attribute these shifts to legal changes and increasingly supportive cultural and normative environments that have made same-sex parenthood more attainable in the Nordic region.