Humanity is approaching its peak.

Using 41 years of administrative longitudinal data (1981–2021), this study examines earnings assimilation trends for U.S. immigrants, distinguishing between return migrants and permanent stayers. It finds that one-fifth to one-third of immigrants return migrate within 10 years, return migrants have similar entry earnings but slower growth than permanent migrants, and since the mid-1990s permanent immigrants' earnings have converged relatively quickly with native-born earnings, unlike earlier cohorts. The paper also discusses how changes in immigrant cohort quality and selective return migration affect whether cross-sectional data over- or underestimate true earnings assimilation.

This study uses an overlapping generations model to examine how property tax policy affects housing allocation between young and elderly homeowners. It finds that low property taxes reinforce elderly homeowner lock-in, and that raising California's property taxes to Texas levels would increase young homeownership while decreasing elderly homeownership through both price capitalization and higher holding costs. The analysis also shows that removing step-up basis provisions similarly reduces elderly homeownership, indicating that bequest tax advantages help sustain elderly housing tenure.

Using Swedish registry data, this study finds significant intergenerational transmission of fertility problems, with daughters and sons of parents who experienced such difficulties being 19.4% and 13.5% more likely, respectively, to face fertility issues themselves, regardless of parental socioeconomic status. Comparisons between biological and adopted children suggest this transmission stems from biological or other inherited factors rather than family awareness, and while assisted reproductive technology success is unrelated to parental background, past fertility difficulties are linked to higher medical costs and increased divorce likelihood.

This study uses harmonised Generations and Gender Survey data across nine European countries to compare relationship trajectories of unions formed via online dating versus other means, examining dissolution, marriage, childbearing, satisfaction, and break-up consideration. Results show country-specific patterns, with higher dissolution hazards in Austria, Estonia, and Croatia, lower in Germany, and generally lower marriage and shared childbearing among online-dating unions (notably in Croatia and the UK), while relationship quality differences are less pronounced. The findings indicate that online dating's association with relationships is more about institutionalisation and family formation than uniform quality differences, and no consistent pan-European pattern emerges.

This dataset provides child and youth population figures as of January 1, broken down by sex and age. It has been updated to reflect the most current available data.